Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, Treatments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its co-Infection with HIV or SARS-CoV-2

Download or read book Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, Treatments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its co-Infection with HIV or SARS-CoV-2 written by Amit Singh and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-01-30 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the major cause of tuberculosis (TB) across the globe. Around one-fourth of the world’s population is infected with TB asymptomatically. Longer regimen of anti-TB drugs (longer treatment leading to poor adherence to treatment), interrupted anti-TB drugs treatment (long regimen with incomplete anti-TB treatment), and ineffectiveness of the anti-TB drugs due to the re-emergence of latent TB infections are just a few mechanisms that play a major hindrance to achieving the end of the global TB epidemic by 2035 as WHO plans. The emergence of drug-resistant in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and co-infections with HIV as well as SARS-CoV-2 poses a serious threat to global health agencies. It was reported that the TB cases in India and other endemic countries are two to three times higher than in the last few years. Different mechanisms were acquired by the bacteria to become multidrug-resistant such as an alternation in the target site, drug efflux by overexpression of efflux pumps, inactivation of drugs by enzymes and biofilms. Mechanisms adopted by bacteria and longer anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens are the greatest threat in TB control programs especially in malnourished, immune-compromised, M. tuberculosis co-infection with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 individuals in developing countries. There is a great need for shorter anti-TB regimens and novel drugs with a different mode of action to encounter the emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Combinatorial drug treatments by anti-TB drugs along with the repurposed drugs are also the novel choice against this deadly TB. The current issue will focus on different mechanisms adopted by mycobacterium to develop multidrug-resistant mycobacteria and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemics in TB treatment and management. Furthermore, the modern techniques used for the early diagnosis and management of M. tuberculosis and its co-infection with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 are the point of innovative interest that shows the potential development in technologies and applications for the management of these co-infections.