After World War I, newly blurred boundaries between male and female created fears among the French that theirs was becoming a civilization without sexes. This b

In the turbulent decades after World War I, both France and Germany sought to return to an idealized, prewar past. Many people believed they could recapture a s

Questions about the meaning of womanhood and femininity loomed large in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century French culture. In Playing Cleopatra, Holly

The market for commercial beauty products exploded in Third Republic France, with a proliferation of goods promising to erase female imperfections and perpetuat

Women Artists in Interwar France: Framing Femininities illuminates the importance of the Soci? des Femmes Artists Modernes, more commonly known as FAM, and retu