Historical Patterns of Spruce Budworm Defoliation and Bark Beetle Outbreaks in North American Conifer Forests

Download or read book Historical Patterns of Spruce Budworm Defoliation and Bark Beetle Outbreaks in North American Conifer Forests written by David W. Williams and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This atlas presents maps of historical defoliation by the eastern and western spruce budworms and historical outbreaks of the mountain and southern pine beetles during the past half century. The maps encompass various regions of the conterminous United States and eastern Canada. This publication also serves as documentation for an extended set of digital maps, which are available on our website. The digital maps are useful for investigating spatial dynamics of insect populations and for providing pest disturbance inputs to spatially explicit forest simulation models.