This Element offers a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence from the pre-Norman period that situates Old English as one of several living languages that toget

Essays reappraising the relationship between the various languages of late medieval Britain. The languages of later medieval Britain are here seen as no longers

Throughout the period 800-1250, English culture was marked by linguistic contestation and pluralism: the consequence of migrations and conquests and of the esta

"This is the first major study of the interplay between Latin and Germanic vernaculars in early medieval records. Building on previous work on the uses of the w

The essays in this volume form a new cultural history focused round, but not confined to, the presence and interactions of francophone speakers, writers, reader