This book contains the proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Colloquium no. 195, held in Torino, Italy in 2004. The meeting investigated the forma

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The existence of soft excess emission originating from clusters of galaxies, de ned as em- sion detected below 1 keV in excess over the usual thermal emission f

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Based on graduate school lectures in contemporary relativity and gravitational physics, this book gives a complete and unified picture of the present status of