Functional analysis of the written word in eight and ninth century Carolingian European society demonstrates that literacy was not confined to a clerical elite,

Legal formularies are books of model legal documents compiled by early medieval scribes for their own use and that of their pupils. A major source for the histo

This innovative collection re-evaluates the function and significance of the written word in early medieval Europe.

Drawing on a wide context of bookmaking, this sweeping study traces fundamental changes in books made to support musical practice during the Carolingian Renaiss

The offertory has played a crucial role in recent vigorous debates about the origins of Gregorian chant. Its elaborate solo verses are among the most splendid o