Littlefield's account of the freed blacks' social and economic life is a valuable discussion. Students of the West and race relations will welcome this book.

In the early 1800s, the U.S. government attempted to rid the Southeast of Indians in order to make way for trading networks, American immigration, optimal land

Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South

In 1893, when the Dawes Commission was established to negotiate with the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws. Creeks, and Seminoles (the Five Civilized Tribes) to a

Forcibly removed from their homes in the late 1830s, Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and Chickasaw Indians brought their African-descended slaves with them along the