The maritime legal framework of General Average (GA) remains an enigmatic and overlooked process within the history of seaborne trade. An ancient rule that reda

This open access book explores the history of risk management in medieval and early modern European maritime business, focusing particularly on 'General Average

This book provides an integral, readable account of changing attitudes toward pain in late medieval Europe. Since pain itself cannot be known, the book looks at

This book offers a study of so-called ‘Maritime Averages’, a variety of risk management instruments used in maritime trade, in the Low Countries, showing ho

This volume investigates the history and nature of pain in Greek culture under the Roman Empire (50-250 CE). Traditional accounts of pain in this society have f