First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered a

This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the be

World-renowned economist Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, explains that we have an opportunity to shape the fourth indu