Women physicians in nineteenth-century America faced a unique challenge in gaining acceptance to the medical field as it began its transformation into a profess

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, two thousand women physicians formed a significant and lively scientific community in the United States. Many wer

The irony of women's acceptance into the medical world, and the unfortunate decline in their status at the beginning of the twentieth-century, is illustrated in

This dissertation examines the ethical appeals used by nineteenth-century American women physicians in their rhetoric composed for public audiences. These texts

When first published in 1985, Sympathy and Science was hailed as a groundbreaking study of women in medicine. It remains the most comprehensive history of Ameri