In recent years, concerns have arisen in investor-state arbitration with regard to the magnitude of the decision-making power allocated to investment treaty tri

The strengths of international investment law - above all, a strong focus on investor interests and an effective adjudication and enforcement system - also enta

International investment law is one of fastest-growing areas of international law, but it is plagued by the vagueness of many investors' rights and unpredictabl

Contracts are relevant, frequently central, for a significant number of investment disputes. Yet, the way tribunals ascertain their content remains largely unde

International law has historically regulated foreign trade and foreign investment differently. Distinct evolutionary pathways have led to variances in treaty fo