A profound knowledge of the past climate is vital for our understanding of global warming. The past 2000 years are both the period which is of most relevance to

In response to a request from Congress, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years assesses the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct sur

How can we understand and rise to the environmental challenges of global change? One clear answer is to understand the science of global change, not solely in t

Changes in climate are driven by natural and human-induced perturbations of the Earth's energy balance. These climate drivers or "forcings" include variations i

The climate record for the past 100,000 years clearly indicates that the climate system has undergone periodic-and often extreme-shifts, sometimes in as little