An observational study is an empiric investigation of effects caused by treatments when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. Observational stu

This second edition of Design of Observational Studies is both an introduction to statistical inference in observational studies and a detailed discussion of th

An observational study is an empirical investigation of the effects of treatments, policies, or exposures. It differes from an experiment in that the investigat

A daily glass of wine prolongs life—yet alcohol can cause life-threatening cancer. Some say raising the minimum wage will decrease inequality while others say

Outside of randomized experiments, association does not imply causation, and yet there is nothing defective about our knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer,