In medieval legal transactions the use of the written word was only one of many ways of conducting business. Important roles were played by the spoken word and

Historians of medieval and Renaissance Italy have long held that the Florentine republic fell victim to rule by oligarchy in the early fifteenth century. Now, i

By the end of the thirteenth century, court procedure in continental Europe in secular and ecclesiastical courts shared many characteristics. As the academic ju

This book offers a comprehensive examination of how the Fourth Lateran Council’s prohibition against trial by ordeal was implemented in Danish secular law and

Offering an important new perspective on medieval political, legal, and social history in England, Anthony Musson examines how medieval people at all social lev