How the executive branch—not the president alone—formulates executive orders, and how this process constrains the chief executive's ability to act unilatera

Contents: Intro.; Admin. Orders; Certificates; Designations of Officials; Exec. Orders; General Licenses; Homeland Security Pres. Directives; Interpretations; L

Explores whether and how modern presidents use executive orders to establish policy unconstrained by the legislative process.

The conventional wisdom holds that the president of the United States is weak, hobbled by the separation of powers and the short reach of his formal legal autho