Investor-State arbitration is currently a much-debated topic, both within the legal community and in the public at large. In Towards Consistency in Internationa

This text analyses the conventional and customary framework of the fair and equitable treatment clauses commonly found in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) a

Addresses the most central debates in contemporary investment law and policy.

International investment law is in transition. Whereas the prevailing mindset has always been the protection of the economic interests of individual investors,

The growing acceptance of the concept of transnational rules, be they substantive or procedural, has directly contributed to a substantial decrease of the influ