The term “minimally invasive spinal surgery” was coined in early 1990 following pub- cation of the first edition of this text entitled Arthroscopic Microdis

Covers the latest developments in minimally invasive techniques now used in spinal surgery. Applied anatomy, indications, and outcomes are all addressed by an i

Endoscopic technology has advanced to the point where practitioners can now access, visualize, and treat spine pathologies previously only accessible through op

Biportal endoscopic spine surgery has been rapidly developed recently, and Unilateral biportal endoscopic spine (UBE) surgery may be new stream in spine surgery

Percutaneous lumbar discectomy is a new surgical method for treating lumbar disc diseases. The goal of the procedure is decompression of the spinal nerve root b