There has been considerable debate in the international community as to the legality of the forceful actions in Kosovo in 1999, Afghanistan in 2002 and Iraq in

"Necessity and proportionality occupy a firm place in the international law governing the use of force by states. Perhaps most importantly for practical purpose

States invariably justify using force extraterritorially by reference to their right of self-defence. In doing so, they accept that the exercise of this right i

In NATO Rules of Engagement, Camilla Guldahl Cooper offers clarity on a topic prone to confusion and misunderstanding. NATO rules of engagement (ROE) are of con

The Use of Force and International Law offers an authoritative overview of international law governing the resort to force. Looking through the prism of the con