Forcibly removed from their homes in the late 1830s, Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and Chickasaw Indians brought their African-descended slaves with them along the

Appendix A presents interviews with ex-slaves "conducted during the 1930s."

Slavery was practiced among North American Indians long before Europeans arrived on these shores, bringing their own version of this "peculiar institution." Unl

Exploring the dynamic issues of race and religion within the Cherokee Nation, this text looks at the role of secret societies in shaping these forces during the

Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South