For over sixty million Americans, possessing a criminal record overshadows everything else about their public identity. A rap sheet, or even a court appearance

Shadows of Doubt reveals how deeply stereotypes distort our interactions, shape crime, and deform the criminal justice system. If you’re a robber, how do you

Data-driven criminal justice operations have led to the transformation of criminal records into millions of data points. These records are publicly disclosed on

The most extensive account yet of the lives of cybercriminals and the vast international industry they have created, deeply sourced and based on field research

"Cole excavates the forgotten and hidden history of criminal identification--from photography to exotic anthropometric systems based on measuring body parts, fr